Myocardial infarction Essay

Fast food I believe that most of people have been heard about this name and have tried it until now. Fast food is the food that can be prepared and served very quickly, and it may refer to food sold in a restaurant or store with low quality preparation and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-away. At present fast food becomes a role important in every corner of countries around the world including in Thailand. Fast food now feature in many choices of food in Thai society and culture, for example in economic, job, and health issue. This essay aims to evaluate the effects of fast food on Thai culture. Firstly, fast food effects on the Thai economy since we have been commerce oversea, also cultural exchange between countries. Western culture affected Thai by many ways especially foods, because Thailand has been a commerce partnership with foreign countries for a long time. We did various ways to develop the country and economy, until now fast food is the most popular and becomes a role important on Thais lifestyle than ever, for instant Thai people enjoy have Western food for breakfast such as coffee, toast, English tea, and etc. Fast food which comes from the foreign in franchise form and located in many places in Thailand, they are many fast food market growing such as McDonald’s, Burger King, KFCs, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell etc. More and more people are desiring fast food more than other restaurants making them go out of buisness ect because of the price comparison in the hard times we are facing right now. It directly has an effect to economy, first is have a balance of trade deficit because most of fast food owner in Thailand is foreigners so, we loose half of the profits to them. Another affect is unhealthy Lifestyle, Buzzle(2009) has written â€Å"eating fast food and leading a sedentary lifestyle leads to obesity. Obesity leads to other complications like increase in the cholesterol level, blocking of the arteries, the increased risk of coronary diseases, in addition to the general physical discomfort posed by the extra weight. Fast food is also addictive and hence it is very difficult to give up on their greasy and fatty foods and carbonated drinks and switch to healthier options†. As well as increased blood pressure, Buzzle(2009) also says â€Å"most of these quick and convenient meals contain high amount of sodium, which increases and aggravates the risks of high blood pressure. According to the recommendations of the National Research Council of the National Academy of sciences 1,200 – 1,500 mg of sodium is the daily sodium requirement for adults. Keeping these figures in mind, you should also know that the regular table salt that we consume contains 40% sodium and a single teaspoon of table salt contains 2,300 mg of sodium. Although the body requires minimum quantities of sodium, too much sodium contributes to high blood pressure. Sodium can also lead to building-up of fluids in case of people who are suffering from people with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, or kidney disease†. Besides, Thai traditional recipes being forgotten and a big change in eating habits. However, there are advantages of fast food which convenience and saving time, it provides us the food rapidly and fast food is more convenient to find and purchase than healthy food. Second, is the number of fast food restaurants gave job opportunities to many Thai workers.

An Analysis of the Armful

An analysis of the poem â€Å"The Armful† by Robert Frost In Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Armful† the speaker in the poem is not defined, but that is of no consequence, as the feeling of frustration that is conveyed in the poem’s first four lines could have been expressed by either a man or a woman. The speaker is not speaking to anyone in particular in the poem but it can be inferred that he is speaking to the reader on a higher level as, speaking literally; everyone can empathize with the feelings of frustration a person struggling to carry and balance too many packages conveys.In the poem the speaker has gone for groceries, probably without help, over shopped and is having a difficult time with all the bags he must carry. The packages slip from the speaker’s hands and he tries to catch them with his knees all the while still trying balance the rest of the his packages. In the end the he is forced to drop the groceries and find a better way of packing them back in the bags. Although the tone from the onset is that of frustration by the end it changes to something more positive. It can then be inferred that the theme of this poem is one of hope.The poem creates an image of someone who is in need of help and is alone, not necessarily lonely as in need of social capital, but alone on the inside. The constant, repetitive use of the word ‘I’ supports the idea and feeling of isolation even though, as the reader, it is easy to put one’s self in that situation and to feel as if you were there watching. It has to be assumed that the author is not literally writing about someone’s troubles during a routine shopping trip. Take, for instance, lines three (3) and four (4) ‘And the whole pile is slipping, bottles, buns, Extremes too hard to comprehend at.Once’. One can connote that it has more to do with the abstract, inner most problems of the authors mind as opposed to actual contents of a brown paper bag. These Images are brought to life in this rhythmic poem by the use of figurative language, particularly through the use of metaphor and symbolism. The rhythmic patterns of the poem can be seen at the end of each line. Here are the first two lines of the poem as an example of the rhyme scheme ‘For every parcel I stoop down to seize I lose some other off my hands and knees’.An example of alliteration can be seen in the second line when the author writes ‘ And the whole pile slipping, bottles, buns’. The implied comparisons or metaphors are abundant in this short poem. In fact it can be said with certainty that the poem is one big metaphor. Robert Frost uses this poem to explore deep feelings within himself and within everyone. Once again using lines three (3) and four (4) as an example ‘And the whole pile slipping, bottles, buns, Extremes too hard to comprehend at once’ is a metaphor for the complexity of the mind.The author’s problem s are like a whirlwind that makes his mind slip. Whether the problem is heavy symbolized by the bottles or lighter symbolized by the buns they hold equal weight in the space of the mind, that to this date we barely understand the inner workings of. In the next two lines, ‘Yet nothing I should care to leave behind. With all I have to hold with hand and mind. ’ Foster is implying that his problems are so great and unmanageable that he cannot stop thinking about them.In the next two line, lines seven (7) and eight (8), he gives the reader a glimpse that his problems may be more than in his head. It reads ‘And heart, if need be, I will do my best. To keep their building balanced at my breast’. This infers that his problems may also be emotional and he is trying hard to balance the two. In the last four lines is where the theme of the poem starts to take shape and one can see that all is not lost. In lines nine (9) and ten (10) the speaker says ‘I crouch d own to prevent them all as they fall; then sit down in the middle of them all’.The speaker at this point realizes that he is carrying too much both mentally and emotionally and decides to stop and analyze what is happening to him, take it slow and figure something out. By the time line eleven (11) and twelve (12) come around one can surmise that the speaker has had enough of his problems and is actively looking for a way to fix things, a way to deal with his problems, as the speaker states ‘I had to drop the armful in the road and try to stack them in a better load’. In The Armful Robert Frost has written a piece that almost anyone can relate to.Everyone has had problems that seemed insurmountable but have mustered the courage and the will to supersede these hurdles and have gotten through them. In all, the author has used imagery, rhythmic sense, syntax that is not overly complicated and figurative language to forge a poem that can be considered a metaphor for l ife. Holding on to things can over complicate our lives and if one stops and thinks about what is really important ones loads will lightened. The poem is also symbolic of mans need to overcome adversity.

Pro-Slavery Argument

Pro-slavery The main issue in America politics during the years of the late 1840's to the late 1870's was slavery. Southerners wanted to keep the tradition of slave labor alive, and were Justifying slavery in any way possible; issue of slavery was a continuing debate in the 1800's. James Henry Hammond, John C. Calhoun, and William Joseph Harper were some of the men most famous for propagating the pro-slavery argument. Slavery was the economic foundation in the southern states during the 1800's.The efenders of slavery in the south had several arguments that they used to rationalize slavery. One argument was that ending slavery would destroy the economy in the south. Another pro-slavery argument was that slavery was a natural state of mankind since it has existed throughout history. The southern states to this day are the agricultural surplus for all of the United States crop production. For centuries, slaves were the most efficient and cheapest way to produce and harvest crops.The eco nomic and political advantages of slaves are what ultimately allowed southern itizens to survive. During the late 1830s through early 1860s, the pro-slavery argument was at its strongest (â€Å"The Proslavery Argument†). After the Civil War, freed slaves often returned back to plantations in search of money, because they did not have the resources to continue. If slavery was not abolished they would remain as property of the owner and would not have starved or been forced to work in low paying Jobs.Even though they did not have the best living and working conditions, they at least were given enough to survive. While I agree slavery is an ill moral, the concept of slavery is an economic plus. Furthermore in 1837, John C. Calhoun gave a speech promoting the â€Å"positive good† outcomes of slavery while also declaring slavery was â€Å"instead of an evil, a good – a positive good† (â€Å"The Pro-slavery Argument†). Today, top nations exploit third wo rld countries resources and economic stability due to the fact they are unable function without exporting.Countries such as China, Taiwan, Thailand, and most countries in Africa, exploit children and women to roduce factory goods for little or no money. With that process occurring, China is expanding and will possibly become one of the next top super nations. Chinas explorations of its citizens allowed the countries expansions, which will ultimately develop the country Just like the United States. While Africa's resources, such as precious metals, are being metaphorically robbed by other nations. Countries will buy their resources for almost nothing, while they are being produced by low paying workers.Although the top nations have abolished slavery, they still manipulate the countries that use slavery. This process allows countries to outsource their money in return of large profits. â€Å"Southern pro-slavery theorists asserted that slavery eliminated this problem by elevating all free people to the status of â€Å"citizen†, and removing the landless poor (the â€Å"mudsill†) from the political process entirely by means of enslavement† (â€Å"The Pro-slavery Argument†). Works Cited â€Å"The Pro-slavery Argument Boundless. Boundless. O

A suitable marketing plan for a football club Coursework

A suitable marketing plan for a football club - Coursework Example The article takes a deeper look at the football club of Hapoel Petach Tikva that was founded in the year 1935 in the town of Petach Tikva in Israel. During the phase of 1950s and 1960s, the football club won various noteworthy championships such as Israeli Championships and State Cup and the period was considered as the most flourishing phase of success for them. The home ground of Hapoel Petach Tikva is HaMoshava Stadium which was recently opened at the end of 2011 replacing Petach Tikva Muncipal Stadium as the home ground of the football team. The recently built stadium i.e. HaMoshava Stadium which the club has started to use from this season is possessed by the city authorities of Petach Tikva and not by the club itself. The capacity for the attendances of HaMoshava Stadium is 12500. During the phase of 1950s and 1960s, football became the most renowned local sport in Israel. There lie certain basic features that dominated football in Israel after the establishment of the state in the year 1948. The basic features that dominated football in Israel were both political and nationalistic. The local sport of Israel i.e. football fell under the sponsorships of three political centres or federations such as Hapo’el, Maccabi and Beitar. The influences of these federations were noteworthy towards the local football clubs. The Israeli Football Association (IFA) controlled and monitored the beautiful game of soccer through these federations. The concept of sports marketing comprises certain activities that are mainly designed to meet with various requirements of the sports consumers. In order to comply with the various requirements of the sports consumers broadly concerning the sport spectators, an effective marketing plan is very much necessary for any sports organisation or any sporting club (Morgan & Summers, 2005). The report aims to deliver an adequate marketing plan for Hapoel Petach Tikva in order to raise their number of attendances to a significant lev el. Moreover, the marketing plan also includes certain marketing strategies for its successful execution. In the report, there are several areas where the marketing plan intends to focus upon. The several areas include the evaluation of the market environment, attendance purposes, complete analysis of the market segments, recognising target markets and different implications of marketing mix strategies. An Assessment of the Market Environment of Hapoel Petach Tik

Apple Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apple - Speech or Presentation Example The name of this system was Apple 1. Presently, Apple Inc. has expanded its business to more than ten countries in the world, and the number of retail outlets has become three hundred and seventeen. Apple Inc. makes a whole range of computer products that include but are not limited to Mac, iLife, iPhone, iTunes, iPod, iWork, and Apple TV. Among all of its products, iPhone and iPod have been the most liked among consumers in every country where Apple’s products are available. The two have been revolutionary and the features have been both exciting and innovative. The compatibility of Apple computers can be estimated from the figure below: In the graph given above, it can be seen that iPod and iPhone are two products of the Apple Company that are 100 per cent compatible in the market. The music of Apple is about 35 per cent compatible. Apple’s alien ships are 60 per cent compatible whereas the compatibility of Apple’s useful software is no more than 4 per cent. Th is essentially means that the most popular products of the Apple Company are its iPod and iPhone. Although Apple has acquired a fairly good reputation in the market because of the diversity and quality of its products, yet it has not managed to escape the criticism that most companies of the like have conventionally acquired.

Food Piece Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Food Piece - Coursework Example Everything to do with drinks was well looked into so that everyone could get into the party mood. The first phase came with a thud as it was taken as a lubricant just before the main dish. What I may describe as delicacy was right in front of me. Fresh fruit drinks prepared from a mixed blend forming a thick cocktail juice. This was the first I ever made with at most concentration. The whole-heartedness evident in my work of making the juice was so vivid that I felt like having a live clip production for an advertisement on making "home-made juices". The space taken by the juice in the gastro-intestinal tract could not be spared despite main dishes to follow. Considering that what was planned was overridden by the gasp for more, everyone was spoilt of options. A variety of soft drinks other than natural juice was available. Fizzy drinks were in plenty as the table went in rounds of drinks on a tasting mode. No one wanted to have a defined torch on any of the dishes for so far each that came next spackled with a welcoming aroma. Life was promising at this point; it felt heavenly as every glass of juice went down our throats bringing a cooling effect. Ideally, the juice served half of its purpose since others turned it into the main take in food of the meal. Other than balancing the diet it took space meant for a different dish. All that came into my mind was how this could be turned into a habitual event. I instilled a great deal of confidence regarding my capabilities when given a platform to demonstrate in the kitchen. Fruits for sure trace back to the Christian belief of being forbidden for the sweetness and discovery of wisdom. This is what rung into my mind before availing anything to the table for preparation of the real ingestion work that was to follow. The secret behind appetizing the family members lay squarely on the use of fruits. What lacked was a pictorial form of demonstrating the sweetness felt in the taste buds in everyones tongue. The only

Essay question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Essay question - Assignment Example The Roman Empire was ruled Patricians and they were considered to be the most powerful ones in the region. It has been known that there was a lot of mismanagement and uneven distribution of wealth in the Roman Empire. The poor got poorer and rich got richer. The Roman leaders involved in battles, trying to capture territories of their allies, them being not present in the capital to handle state affairs and other such matters led to the Roman demise. Eventually, the death of Julius Ceaser proved to be the last nail in the coffin of once great and mighty Roman Empire and led to its demise. Clarifier: Before the 20th century, muckrakers were simple investigative journalists but with the start of 20th century they worked as reform journalist and started a movement to finish off corruption in the system. The Muckrakers are known as pioneers of proper investigative journalism in the history. Historical Significance: The muckrakers and their movement in the 1900s was aimed to improve the standard of journalism. The movement started in the early 1900s and was very popular till the Second World War. They worked to expose social ills in the society and to stop corruption in the system. After the Second World War this movement faced its end due to dirty political skills showed by the government. Clarifier: Sit-Down Strikes gave way to a new sort of protest so that the authorities would have no other option but to meet their demands in order to start the progress otherwise they would have to face huge losses. Historical Significance: History is full of examples of sit-down strikes in which workers of factories protested for raises or bonuses. One such example is the strikes of American factory workers during the industrial revolution. More than 3,000 workers stopped work and protested. Other notable examples include the strike of United Auto Workers and the French revolt which is marked till today on May 1st every year. Historical

HEALTH PROGRAM EVALUATION (Impact Evaluation and Accountability CASE Research Paper

HEALTH PROGRAM EVALUATION (Impact Evaluation and Accountability CASE 4) - Research Paper Example GAO supports the senate in curbing errors of federal processes in healthcare through reporting on the progress of health standards. Furthermore, it enhances performance analysis in policies and drawing choices for senate objectives, auditing operations of the organization to conclude whether state funds are subject to appropriate organization. Indeed, it equally looks into improper and unlawful allegations and issues legitimate verdicts like information about agency rules. Most of GAO’s responsibilities in the State healthcare programs base on organizational planning objective one, which is offering well timed and excellence services to U.S senate. It also ensures that the State government handles current issues for their well-being and financial safety of American people. For example, FY2007, GAO delivered information which helped in coming up with ways of solving problems that were disabling the provision of services to the injured veterans and soldiers (Dodaro, 2010). The organizations well-known products comprises of lawful choices and views, reports, special publications and testimonies. In addition, the GAO suggests solutions to problems that evident in government programs; they detect long-term developments and raise concerns on the fiscal status of the state. Among its latest distinctive report is the 21st period challenge, which was about reexamining Federal government base. The report’s aim was to assist the U.S in the review and deliberation of State spending and tax programs in healthcare spending. GAO also analyses and monitors the changes involved in lasting fiscal outlook, consequences of healthcare and demographic costs and other fiscal commitments in the state (Dodaro, 2010). Evaluation process exudes various challenges. Apart from timeliness, quality and relevance that evaluation entails, the main challenge is in conveying of evaluation outcomes to audiences participating in

BS (Britsh standard) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

BS (Britsh standard) - Essay Example Managing obsolescence has been proved to be one of the major challenges for a graduate design engineer as obsolescence can adversely affect the life of products in almost all of their stages. The use of commercial parts in systems and the large increase in commercial products have accelerated the rate of obsolescence. As obsolescence is an inevitable part as far as various products are concerned, the only possible solution is to minimize the rate of obsolescence with proper and effective management strategies and planning: â€Å"Obsolescence is inevitable and it cannot be ignored but forethought and careful planning can minimize its impact and its potentially high costs† (British Standard p.1). Obsolescence management thus assumes special significance as it is â€Å"an integral part of design, development, production and in-service support† (British Standard p. 1). The British standard is significant and it is selected for the purpose of study due to its unavoidable imp ortance in effective design management systems. The British standard is relevant and significant to any graduate design engineer because it offers certain clear-cut guidelines â€Å"for establishing a framework for obsolescence management and for planning a cost-effective obsolescence management process that is applicable through all phases of the product life cycle† (British Standard p. 1). The standard is applied to all types of products whether they are electronic, electrical or electro-mechanical components. Thus, for a graduate design engineer a thorough knowledge of the various provisions that can ensure the quality and life cycle costs of various products. The process for selecting the British Standard on obsolescence management include the identification of the potential factors that cause o obsolescence, identification of the possible risks involved in the process, calculation of

Assignment2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Assignment2 - Essay Example IBM New York continued with its drastic expansion into Germany with the aim of developing machines a few weeks after Adolf Hitler ascended to power. In 1933, Hitler used statisticians as his intellectual soldiers. Census departments and statistical offices were among the clients of IBM. Nazi statistical professionals laid claim to what they presumed their developing technology was going to achieve. Their entire anticipation was based on the growing creativity of IBM tabulator technology and punch cards. Only IBM could create and implement systems to quantify, sort, and identify the German people from the other populations. The 1933 census, with tabulation services and design assistance given by IBM helped the Nazi achieve their purpose. In 1935, census data that was machine-tabulated significantly increased the approximated number of Jews through the identification of people with a few or a single Jewish ancestor. Over 2000 multi-machine sets were distributed all over Germany. Moreov er, card sorting systems were developed in all camps (Black, 2001). In 1939, another census was conducted to find out the complete number of the Jewish population. The census activities were closely linked with cards and technology supplied by IBM. In addition, Nazi concentration camps had a department which kept records of inmates by the use of the punch card technology. Every concentration camp contained a code number for the purpose of keeping records. In 1943, when prisoners arrived at the concentration camps, they would be assessed physically and for political activities and their information recorded on the punch cards (Black, 2001). Richard Wiggins came up with the idea of the Speak and Spell in 1976. This idea set the landmark for digital processors, being the first one to utilize linear predictive coding to carry out speech synthesis. In 1980, the initial stand-alone, comprehensive digital processors were developed. In 1983, digital processors continued to be more successfu l. These digital processors were developed on the basis of the Harvard architecture. They contained distinct data and instruction memory. These data processors contained a unique instruction set, with commands, for example, multiply and accumulate, and load and accumulate. Almost more than five years after this invention, a more advanced set of digital processors started to spread. This processor contained three memories for recording multiple operands at the same time and contained hardware to quicken tight loops. In addition, this processor also contained an addressing component with a capacity of loop-addressing. Finally, contemporary digital processors have a tremendous performance. This can be attributed to both architectural and technological developments, for example, a wider bus system, fast-access two-level cache, and lower design rules. In my view, these items are significant because they highlight significant events that highlight changes that have led to the development of digital processors. For instance, the Nazi used the punch card technology to record information during the census and in Nazi concentration camps, and the current processors contain tremendous qualities, for example, fast-access two-level cache. Question 2 Henry Edward Roberts was an American entrepreneur, engineer, and medical doctor. In 1975, he created the initial commercially profitable personal

Assignment 4A Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment 4A - Coursework Example It leads to the creation of a wide pool of entrepreneurs who are able to take on the challenges facing the modern society and generate revenue through entrepreneurial ventures (Bers, Head, & Palmer, 2014). This can be achieved by setting up experimental learning where students are exposed to practical learning process. Establishing such colleges ensures the development of sustainable culture of entrepreneurship in the society. The two readings, though having different approaches, are related to each other. Both readings focus on funding learning institutions, colleges and universities. Both reading acknowledge the importance of proficient financial management within learning institutions. Despite the fact that Margaret J. Barr and George S. McClellan focus on both colleges and universities, while Trudy H. Bers, Ronald B. Head, James C. Palmer focus exclusively on community colleges, the ideas that the authors covey are basically the same. For example, both readings explore the concept of budgeting and attempt to create a clear understanding of the budgeting concept, which is crucial for survival of learning institutions. I agree with my colleague that the readings are very crucial for college administrators because they provide useful information about effective management and allocation of scare resources to achieve optimum

Why Intelligent People Fail Essay Example for Free

Why Intelligent People Fail Essay 1. Lack of motivation. A talent is irrelevant if a person is not motivated to use it. Motivation may be external (for example, social approval) or internal (satisfaction from a job well-done, for instance). External sources tend to be transient, while internal sources tend to produce more consistent performance. 2. Lack of impulse control. Habitual impulsiveness gets in the way of optimal performance. Some people do not bring their full intellectual resources to bear on a problem but go with the first solution that pops into their heads. 3. Lack of perserverance and perseveration. Some people give up too easily, while others are unable to stop even when the quest will clearly be fruitless. 4. Using the wrong abilities. People may not be using the right abilities for the tasks in which they are engaged. 5. Inability to translate thought into action. Some people seem buried in thought. They have good ideas but rarely seem able to do anything about them. 6. Lack of product orientation. Some people seem more concerned about the process than the result of activity. 7. Inability to complete tasks. For some people nothing ever draws to a close. Perhaps it’s fear of what they would do next or fear of becoming hopelessly enmeshed in detail. 8. Failure to initiate. Still others are unwilling or unable to initiate a project. It may be indecision or fear of commitment. 9. Fear of failure. People may not reach peak performance because they avoid the really important challenges in life. 10. Procrastination. Some people are unable to act without pressure. They may also look for little things to do in order to put off the big ones. 11. Misattribution of blame. Some people always blame themselves for even the slightest mishap. Some always blame others. 12. Excessive self-pity. Some people spend more time feeling sorry for themselves than expending the effort necessary to overcome the problem. 13. Excessive dependency. Some people expect others to do for them what they ought to be doing themselves. 14. Wallowing in personal difficulties. Some people let their personal difficulties interfere grossly with their work. During the course of life, one can expect some real joys and some real sorrows. Maintaining a proper perspective is often difficult. 15. Distractibility and lack of concentration. Even some very intelligent people have very short attention spans. 16. Spreading oneself too think or too thick. Undertaking too many activities may result in none being completed on time. Undertaking too few can also result in missed opportunities and reduced levels of accomplishment. 17. Inability to delay gratification. Some people reward themselves and are rewarded by others for finishing small tasks, while avoiding bigger tasks that would earn them larger rewards. 18. Inability to see the forest for the trees. Some people become obsessed with details and are either unwilling or unable to see or deal with the larger picture in the projects they undertake. 19. Lack of balance between critical, analytical thinking and creative, synthetic thinking. It is important for people to learn what kind of thinking is expected of them in each situation. 20. Too little or too much self-confidence. Lack of self-confidence can gnaw away at a person’s ability to get things done and become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Conversely, individuals with too much self-confidence may not know when to admit they are wrong or in need of self-improvement.

Methadone Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of Action

Methadone Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of Action Table of Contents (Jump to) 1. Goal 2. Aims and Objectives 3. Background 4. Methadone Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of Action 4.1 Methadone History Background 4.2 Benefits of Methadone 4.3 Deaths Involving Methadone 4.4 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Methadone 4.4 Cytochrome P450 4.5 Cytochrome P450 Polymorphism and Adverse Drug Reactions 1. Goal Methadone is the most common and widely used drug for the opioid dependence in Ireland as in most of the countries in the E.U. Methadone treatment is undoubtedly effective however; the reports on methadone related mortalities have definitely stirred the public concern. The challenge for biotechnologists is to determine whether the application of pharmacogenomics can solve this dispute. The fact regarding any drug or opioid is that they affect different individuals in a different way. To solve this â€Å"Biological Puzzle† this case study links the role of methadone and CYP2D6 gene variations with the metaboliser status of individuals, which may serve as an adjunct in methadone related fatalities. CYP2D6 is a member of cytochrome P450 mixed oxidase system, which is involved in the metabolism of many toxicologically important drugs that commonly implicates in fatal poisoning. CYP2D6 gene is located on chromosome 22 and is highly polymorphic in nature. Single Nucleotide Polymorph ism (SNP) variation at the exon 4 position of the gene results in a single nucleotide change of G to A, which ensue in poor metabolism of the drug. This variation is amongst 5 to 10% of the Caucasian population. 2. Aims and Objectives The specific aims of this report are as follows: Describe the methadone pharmacology and its mechanism of action, which will include the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of the drug. The role of cytochrome P450 in the metabolism of methadone. The focus will be on the genetic polymorphism and the adverse drug reaction. This research will further investigate on methadone’s safety profile and mortalities associated with the drug. 3. Background Methadone is a synthetic opioid, invented during the Second World War (White Torres, 2010). The first chemical synthesis of the drug was in 1939 at the pharmaceutical laboratories of I.G. Farbenkonzern, Germany. Methadone was introduced to the market during 1960’s and since then it is one of the most valued drug which has proved its effectiveness from the prevention of abstinence syndrome that occurs after rapid interruption of continuous opioid administration (Zweben Payte, 1990; Dole Nyswander, 1965). Methadone is also one of the most common medications administered for the treatment of heroin addiction, however; there are many fatal poisonings reported over the years (Bunten et al 2010). Methadone is a liposoluble basic drug, often administered orally as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers i.e. R-Met and S-Met (Garrido Troconiz, 2000). It has a long plasma elimination half-life that lies between 13 and 55 hours and a high bioavailability of 70% 90% when administered orally (Moffet et al, 2004). It is extensively metabolised in liver and is converted into its primary metabolite which is 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) (Crettol, Monnat Eap, 2007) and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline (EMDP) (Lugo et al, 2005). Blood methadone concentration in drug tolerant individuals reaches >0.84 mg/l, whereas in cases of fatality or poisoning concentrations typically range from 0.4 mg/l to 1.8 mg/l. Fatalities have also been reported with concentrations as low as 0.05 mg/l which is significantly lower than the average concentration in blood (Caplehorn, Drummer Fatal, 2002). Studies suggests that the largest patient associated deaths are during t he drug induction phase, when either individual drug tolerance is overestimated or the presence of other drugs are also found in the system (Bunten et al 2010; CSAT, 2004). The revolutions in the molecular techniques in postgenomic era provide us a significant platform for the diagnostics and clinical purposes. Pharmacogenomics is the study of the impact of heritable traits on pharmacology and toxicology that acts as bridge to certify opioid fatalities (Wong et al 2002). The significant inter-individual variation in blood methadone concentrations and individual susceptibility to methadone toxicity might be explained through genetic variations of the genes encoding the drug metabolism enzymes. Pharmacogenomics acts as the linkage between an individual’s genotype and individual’s ability to metabolise a foreign compound (Linder, Prough Valdes 1997). Most xenobiotics, including therapeutic drugs, are metabolised by cytochromes P450 to some extent (Guengerich, 2006). The metabolism of these drugs results in detoxification and elimination of drug or activation of the prodrug to its biologically active form. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) shows a wide interindividual variation in their protein expression and/or catalytic activity, which results in unique drug metabolism (Jannetto et al 2002). Among the P450 subfamilies, CYP2D6 plays a critical role in determining the response to several drug groups/families (Sadee 1999). CYP2D6 gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are mono-oxygenases, consisting of more than 30 enzymes (Schur et al 2001) which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is known to metabolise as many as 20% of commonly prescribed drugs. CYP2D6 gene substrates include debrisoquine (Wennerholm et al, 1999) an adrenergic-blocking drug; sparteine and propafenone, both anti-arrythmic drugs; and amitryptiline, an anti-depressant. CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic in population (Neafsey et al, 2009); certain alleles result in the poor metaboliser phenotype, characterized by a decreased ability to metabolise the enzymes substrates. The polymorphism is due to multiple mutations of the gene, which result in absent, functionally deficient, under-expressed or over-expressed protein (Shiran et al, 2003). The gene is located near two cytochrome P450 pseudogenes on chromosome 22q13.1 (Gouch et al, 1993). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene (Toscano et al, 2006). CYP2D6 is a polypeptide of 497 amino acids that accounts for only small a percentage of all hepatic P450s but its role in drug metabolism is extensively higher than its relative content (Zanger et al, 2010). 4. Methadone Pharmacology and Its Mechanism of Action 4.1Methadone History Background Methadone was introduced to the market in 1960’s (Serban, 2011; Liebrenz et al, 2010). The drug was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1947 as an analgesic; by 1950 it was used for the treatment of painful symptoms from heroin withdrawal and other opioids (SAMSHA, 2004). In 1964, researchers discovered that continuous, daily maintenance doses of oral methadone allowed opioid-addicted patients to function more normally in the process of their recovery (Payte, 1991; Zweben and Payte, 1990; Dole, 1988; Gearing and Schweitzer, 1974). Fig: 2 Methadone Chemical Structure Methadone in the modern medicine is used both as an analgesic for severe pain relief as well as in the treatment of opioid dependence (Rowley, 2011; Potter, 2010). Many scientific articles reviewed methadone to be the currently preferred drug of choice for the treatment of opioid dependence in many countries, including the U.K. (Nosyk et al, 2010; Verster and Buning, 2000). Fredheim et al, (2008) in their review reported that currently, methadone has had a renaissance in the treatment of pain because it has proven its usefulness as a second line drug in opioid switching when other opioids fail to show their effectiveness. Methadone has also been found to be the valued medication for its effectiveness in reducing the number of deaths associated with opioid addiction as well as various medical and behavioural prevalence of diseases associated with addictive disorders (Maxwell, Pullum Tannert 2005; Sheilds et al. 2007). However, the news headlines of many prominent newspapers including the New York Times and the Washington Times, in 2002 and 2003 hyped its publicity by reporting the opioid medications were the major cause of deaths in drug abuse treatment (Belluck, 2003a, 2003b, 2003c; Associated Press, 2002; Washington Times, 2003). New York Times even mentioned methadone as a â€Å"Killer Drug† which is widely abused and dangerous (Washington Times, 2003). After these issues it was decided by the U.N. to put methadone in the class of controlled drug. Methadone was declared in a controlled drug category by the United Nations convention and placed under the controlled substances (â€Å"narcotics†) by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (Single Convention) (Bosnjak et al,2011). However, it can only be prescribed in the UK, as in most countries, by prescription till present (Verster Buning, 2000; CSAT 200b). 4.2 Benefits of Methadone Methadone is one of the most preferred drugs not only in Ireland but also across several continents around the globe. In the report published by European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addition (EMCDDA), there is a seven fold increase in the opioid treatment between 19993 -2000. The drug is widely recognised amongst doctors and patients due to its several socio-economic reasons. It is observed that there is a significant decrease in the crime graph and a noticeable increase in the employment services amongst the patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. No doubt, there is a reduction in illicit drug use by the opiate users and increase in social integration is one of the benefits of methadone. In addition, methadone also helps in reducing morbidity and mortality among opiate users. 4.3 Deaths Involving Methadone Methadone is a highly potent drug for the treatment of opioid dependence and acts as an analgesic for second line management of chronic pain. However, increase in mortality due to methadone administration has instigated controversies regarding the drug use (Lowe, Brooks Petry, 2010; Bunten et al 2010). Law enforcement agencies in the United States (U.S.) and the Drug abuse Warning Network (DAWN) ranked methadone as the third most apprehended analgesic used in the treatment of pain management, fourth among all controlled pharmaceuticals, and eighth among all controlled substances (Fig:2.1.1) (SAMSHA, 2007). Various researches conducted amongst patients undergoing addiction treatment shows that the majority of methadone related deaths occur during the drug induction phase. Post-mortem sample predicts either an overestimation of the drug or combined usage of various other central nervous system (CNS) depressant in addition to the prescribed methadone (Bunten et al, 2010; Lowe, Johnson Petry, 2007). Fig: Methadone as the third most apprehended analgesic, fourth among all controlled pharmaceuticals, and eighth among all controlled substances (SAMASHA, 2007) The side effects associated with methadone overdose includes nausea, vomiting, dizziness, clouding of consciousness and pruritus (itching) (Davis Walsh, 2001). However, the primary toxic effect of excessive methadone is respiratory depression and hypoxia, sometimes accompanied by pulmonary edema and/or aspiration pneumonia (White and Irvine, 1999; Harding-Pink, 1993). Methadone related deaths during later phases of the additiction treatment mainly signify the presence of other illicit drugs. Researchers generally use the term â€Å"poison cocktail† describing the fatality due to intake of multiple psychotropic drugs (Borron, et al., 2001) such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and other opioids. Several opioids when used or prescribed alone are relatively moderate respiratory depressants; however, when combined with methadone, their additive or synergistic effects can be lethal (Kramer, 2003; Payte and Zweben, 1998). Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program a subsidiary of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirms 1,114 cases of methadone-associated fatalities in adults from 1970 through 2002. Critically, a greater number of deaths were reported in 2001 alone than during the entire period from1990 through 1999; the number doubled itself in 2002. In the U.K. 225 individuals died whilst undergoing methadone treatment in 1993. In 1997, data confirms 449 deaths due to the same cause. However, the mortality graph went down in 2001 by reporting 279 deaths caused by methadone but in 2002, it again rose to 316. Therefore, we can conclude that there is no regular trend in methadone related deaths. However, Corkery et al (2004), mentions that it is always not necessary for methadone to be the cause of death even according to the death certificate of the individuals. In an individual study, methadone was detected in the post-mortem blood of 352 unexplained sudden deaths in Scotland between 1 991 and 2001. 23 % of these deaths were not directly linked with methadone. However, there were other drugs and/or alcohol found in the blood sample of the individuals. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (CSAT) in 2004 states that all methadone related poisoning eventually leads to cardio-toxicity and respiratory depression. Methadone deaths expressed as Percent of all poisoning deaths (CSAT, 2007). United States Poison Control Centres states that the overall number of opioid-related deaths has been on the rise, with many cases involving other opioids that include oxycodone and hydrocodone (Litovitz, et al., 2002; Florida Department of Law Enforcement, 2002) 4.4 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Methadone Methadone is a liposoluble basic drug with a pKa of 9.2 and is usually administered orally as a recemic mixture of two enantiomers: R-methadone (R-Met) and S-methadone (S-Met) (Fig.2.2) (Trescot, 2010). The plasma half-life of the drug is highly variable and is between 13 and 55 hours but it is usually assumed to be an average of 25 hours (Letsky et al, 2011; Albion et al, 2010; Wolff et al, 2002). The bioavailability is 70% to 90% when administered orally (Bunten et al, 2010; Lowe, Brooks Petry, 2010). Studies indicate that in drug naive individuals, a single dose of methadone can show its clinical effects up to 72 hours in duration (Olsen et al, 1997). However, the peak plasma concentration reaches in 2 to 4 hours. The analgesic effect of the drug sets in about 15 minute after the subcutaneous injection (Eap et al, 2002). The chemical structure of r-(-)-methadone and s-(+)-methadone (asterisk (*) denotes chiral centre). There is a wide distribution of methadone amongst tissues, which generally range from 60 to 90%. As a result, the drug shows slow elimination and cumulative effect. Methadone is mostly metabolised in liver. The primary metabolite of the drug is 2-ethylidene-1, 5- dimethyl-3, 3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) (Fig) (Bunten et al, 2010) and to some extent 3, 3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline (EMDP) (Corkery et al, 2004). However, both of these metabolites are inactive and elimination of these inactive metabolies is through urine and faeces. Anggard and Inturrisi et al. (1975) (1990) mentioned that as a result of the basic (pKa =9.2) and lipophylic properties, methadone undergoes a hepatic metabolism and renal excretion. Fig: 4 Metabolic Conversion of Methadone to EDDP 4.4 Cytochrome P450 Cytochrome P450 (P450) is a large superfamily of enzymes. The origin of P450’s superfamily is since prokaryotes much before the existence of eukaryotes (Omura, 2010). The gene P450, commonly known as â€Å"CYP† is present in the genomes of virtually all organisms. Moreover, studies suggest that heme proteins are the building blocks of CYP450 enzymes. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism of the various xenobiotics, steroids and other chemicals. Most of the drugs and chemicals are lipophilic to become more water soluble before excretion. Therefore, P450 superfamily of hemoproteins serves as terminal oxidases of the mixed function oxidase system (Wrighton and Stevens, 1992). The heme prosthetic group binds oxygen after electron transfer reactions from the reduced form of 24 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This reaction incorporates a single atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate with the concomitant reduction of the other atom to wate r (Synder, 2000; Omura, 1999). In cytochrome P450, ‘P’ denotes the pigment and the number ‘450’ is the spectral properties for the absorption band at 450 nm of the reduced CO-bound complex (Benhardt, 2006; Reichhart Feyereisen, 2000). However, according to the nomenclature society, the term â€Å"CYP† is followed by number of families which are generally group of proteins with more than 40% amino-acid sequence identity, a letter for subfamilies and a number for the gene e.g. – CYP2D6. Studies indicate that P450 superfamily is highly diverse (Mathew, 2010). Diversity of P450’s is mainly due to the extensive process of gene duplications. However, gene amplifications, conversions, genome duplications, gene loss, and lateral transfers are certain scenarios that are less documented. 4.5 Cytochrome P450 Polymorphism and Adverse Drug Reactions Drugs affect different individuals in a different way. Genetic variations, which affect the response of the drug metabolism, can be of the most probable reasons (Mayer Zanger, 1997). Johansson Sunderberg (2010) also reported that the difference in drug metabolism among individuals might be due to several factors e.g. epigenetic, pathophysiological, or it might be due to some environmental factors. In a population, genetic polymorphism is divided according to individual ability to perform drug transformation reaction (Srivastava, 2003). Moreover, polymorphic trait is also noticed due to certain mutation in the genes and/or a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) which results in the enzyme variation and leads towards higher or lower activity. As a result, there is a partial or complete absence of an enzyme protein in the system. (FIG:) Fig: Polymorphism of Drug Metabolism Enzymes (Evans Relling, 1999). As we can see from the above figure that the genetic polymorphism applies for a wide range of drugs and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Identification of these variations were by the occurrence of adverse reactions after normal doses of drugs in patients or volunteers. In adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interactions have its key role. In fact, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are one of the major causes of death which is reported in many scientific articles, reviews and even government scripts. According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (SAMSHA) (2007), there is a record of approximately 100,000 deaths in the United States due to drug toxicity. In addition, Eichelbaum et al., (2006) stated that ADRs is also responsible for up to 7% of hospitalizations and the number has increased to > 30% in the elderly population (> 70 years of age) (Paul et al., 2008). ADRs mainly affect cardiac function or cause liver toxicity (Need et al., 2005). The CYP families metabolises approximately, 75% of all clinically used drugs (Bertz and Granneman, 1997; Evans and Relling, 1999).The human genome contains 115 CYP genes, out of which 57 are found to be functional and the rest are reported as pseudogenes (Johansson Sundberg, 2010; Wang et al,2003). Among CYP families, there are 22 different P450 isoforms, which shows a high degree of polymorphism. Therefore, we can divide the polymorphic xenobiotic metabolizing CYP enzymes into two classes according to their interindividual susceptibility for xenobiotics: Class I: Composed of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 without important functional polymorphism and active in metabolism of drugs. Class II: Composed of CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6, which are highly polymorphic and are important for the metabolism of drugs.

The Road Not Taken

The Road Not Taken The poem The Road not taken was written by celebrated American poet Robert Frost. In this poem Robert Frost talks about the choices that a person faces in the journey of life, this poem deals with the questions of what might have happened if the traveler had chosen the other road in front of him, had or had not it made any difference in his life. These unanswered questions make the poem all the more ambiguous, riveting and complex. In the ensuing paragraphs a detailed literary analysis of the poem The Road Not Taken will be done, in particular the discussion will focus on dissecting the important poetic parameters of form, content, style and irony. FORM Literary form is broadly referred to as the manner and organization in which the literary work is arranged. Robert Frost has described the psychological chaos a person goes through while making decisions on choosing the path of life in the form of a gentle, free flowing poem. CONTENT ANALYSIS In doing the analysis of Robert Frosts poem The Road Not Taken some key factors are considered that provide a better insight of how the literary work was developed and what was the hidden meaning behind the written word, if there is any. The key factors that provide a basis for content analysis are Symbolism, Ambiguity and extent of Individualism contained in the poem. Symbolism: Symbolism relates to undertaking of a journey. At a deeper level symbolism is artificial, yet it is something we cannot live without. Words as they are written on paper are not important but what ideas, images and shapes the words invoke in the minds of people are more important. The three words in the poem Two roads diverged perhaps represent the strongest symbolism used in the poem where on surface it may seem that Frost is talking about a fork in the road, but in reality he is talking about choices people face in their lives. The roads diverged is a metaphor describing the turning points in life when people have the opportunity to decide and choose a path in their life, but for every road a person takes he/she has to forgo another road which in actuality is the The road not taken. Ambiguity: Another very important theme that is observed in Robert Frosts poem is the ambiguous nature of what appears on paper and what is actually intended. Robert Frost has written The Road Not Taken staying true to the saying that the very nature of literature is Polyvalent, i.e. it can mean different things at different times. Robert Frosts poem The Road Not Taken also contains traces of ambiguity that makes his poem ever so enigmatic. The roads in Frosts poem do not intertwine but the language does to a great extent until the reader is lost in the autumn yellow wood of the forest wondering if neither path was taken or if both paths were taken (Fagan). Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both (Frost). Another important consideration that greatly gives rise to ambiguity in Robert Frosts poem is the preference of word road over path as one imagines a path to be less travelled and the road to be much more travelled. The use of the word road gives suppo rt to the idea that the particular road has been worn for all except the speaker (Fagan). Individualism: Yehoshua Arieli believes that the term Individualism was coined by Saint-Simonians to characterize the condition of human society in the nineteenth century (Brown). Individualism is a pre-dominant feature of all the Robert Frost poems. His sense of individualism is greatly apparent in his work and gives the hints of a person who operates at a totally different level from those around him by ardently exposing the true picture of this very savage and cruel world (Ray). In his poem The Road Not Taken, Frost depicts his eccentric sense of Individualism when he articulates that, I took the one less traveled by (Frost). At this particular point the I of I took the one less traveled by becomes the most important of the whole poem, emphasizing that here the decision is taken keeping ones personal consideration in mind by taking the road less frequented upon. The line and that has made all the difference (Frost)also plays an important role in depicting that the individualistic decision to take the road less travelled by resulted in something that is greatly different from the routine outcome that would have resulted from following the worn beaten path which everyone follows. STYLE The term Style generally means manner or mode whereas the term Literary Style refers to a way of putting thoughts into words and the distinctive method of expression of a particular writer. The style of all the Robert Frost poems including The Road not Taken is based on a search for understanding of things that are apparently hidden from the view. Frost takes the medium of simplicity to get across his deeper finer ideals to the people, but while he may be talking about ordinary things the intended meaning of his poems is much different from the written word. This ambiguity gives a sense of mystery to Robert Frosts work that is difficult to find in ordinary works of literature. IRONY Irony in English literature means saying the opposite of what one actually means to say, though using stylistic indications like tone of voice, gestures to convey the actual meaning. The phrase all the difference (Frost) exemplifies Frosts typical style of irony; this phrase takes a dig at people who always regret not having chosen the other path in their life, when in actuality even choosing that path would not really have made any difference in their life. CONCLUSION The poem The Road not Taken can easily be considered as one of the best short poems written by the Robert frost taken into consideration the seemingly easy to understand but the inherent complex meaning of the poem. In this beautifully written poem multi-meaning words and phrases can be found abundantly. Robert Frost believes in communication of profoundly important concepts while talking about ordinary things, this belief is reflected in his poem The Road not Taken when he explores the dilemma of making a choice in the journey of life while talking about a traveler who has come to a fork in the road and has chosen one of the roads. Annotated Bibliography Brown, R. Philip. Authentic Individualism:A Guide for Reclaiming the Best of Americas Heritage. University Press of America, 1996. In this book the development of the concept of Individualism in western philosophy is discussed. The discussion that starts from the time of Saint-Simonians stretches to a comprehensive discussion of role of individualism in development of American culture, history and society. This book concentrates on tracing the roots of the concept of individualism; discussing what was the concept of individualism for the individual of dark ages moving to a discussion on the medieval mindset followed by a discussion on the concept of individualism in the modern world. In the discussion focusing on the literary parameter of individualism it was important to first understand the concept of individualism itself, this book proved to be the starting point for understanding this important literary parameter. Fagan, Deirdre. Robert Frost. Infobase Publishing, 2007. This book is an excellent resource providing quality information on the key aspects of life and work of the great American poet Robert Frost. This book is unique because it contains an extensive collection of each of Robert Frosts published poems, masques and plays. In addition to gathering all the masterpieces of the literary giant at one place another wonderful thing the book has achieved is that it provides selected information about each of the written work of Robert Frost; information such as the main theme and idea behind the written word are sure to provide excellent information to any student of Robert Frosts work. Frost, Robert. Mountain Interval. Henry Holt and Company, 1916. This book is an authentic source of primary information on many of Robert Frosts very well known, closely analyzed and moving poems including The Road not Taken. This book is of particular importance to the students and learners of English poetry in particular who can use this book as a primary source of information containing many of the best anthologized poems of the beloved American poet Robert Frost. Ray, Ed. Mohit K. Studies In American Literature. Atlantic Publishers Dist, 2002. This book contains important discussion on the nature and culture of American poetry. This discussion on American poetry is aided by a dissecting the poetic tendencies and poems of important American poets such as Robert Frost, Arthur Miller, Sylvia Plath, Tennessee Williams, and Philip Roth. This book proved to be a source of information for writing this essay as it contains comprehensive information on life and work of the great American poet Robert Frost. The book contains a very informative discussion on the poetic style of Frost while specially elaborating his eccentric sense of individualism depicted in almost all of his written work.

The Distinction Between Crime and Deviance Essay example -- criminal l

Crime statistics exist entirely to measure levels of crime inside society; so, the purpose of this essay is to illustrate whether or not the statistical data on crime and deviance provides a true measurement of criminal occurrences in British society. The distinction between crime and deviance is going to be explored and a clear understanding of how they differentiate from each other will be gained. The terms Formal and Informal social control will be identified and their differences determined. In particular, official crime statistics will be analysed to gain an understanding of how accurate such data is in portraying the true figures of crime. Furthermore, key terms such as dark figure, reported crime and recorded crime will be incorporated in to this essay and defined appropriately. Crime and deviance are behaviours that violate the social norms or laws of society, all crime is deviant behaviour, but not all deviance is crime. Tappan describes crime as an act that has been intentionally carried out in order to violate criminal law and one that is sanctioned by the state as a criminal act (Cliffnotes, 2013). Another description of crime depicts it as a behaviour that breaks the laws of the land and is punishable in a court of law (sociologytwynham, 2008). There are various categories of crime, each with their own sociological profile. Personal crimes include actions such as murder or rape. Crimes against property involve deeds such as theft, arson, or burglary. Victimless crimes have no willing complainant; these can be crimes such as prostitution, illegal gambling or drug abuse. White-collar crime is perpetrated by individuals who hold high social status within society. These individuals will carry out crimes suc... ...anuary 2014]. Jansson, K., 2007. www.webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. [Online] Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/bcs25.pdf [Accessed 5 January 2014]. Sociology.org, 2014. www.sociology.org.uk. [Online] Available at: http://www.sociology.org.uk/wsdo9.htm [Accessed 4 January 2014]. Sociology Twynham, 2008. www.sociologytwynham.com. [Online] Available at: http://sociologytwynham.com/2008/06/10/defining-crime-and-deviance/ [Accessed 2 January 2014]. The Office of National Statistics, 2013. www.ons.gov.uk. [Online] Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/period-ending-march-2013/sty-crime-in-england-and-wales.html [Accessed 5 January 2014]. TNS.BMRB, 2012. www.crimesurvey.co.uk. [Online] Available at: http://www.crimesurvey.co.uk/ [Accessed 5 January 2014].

The Ethics of Xenotransplantation Essay -- Morals Science Biology Essa

The Ethics of Xenotransplantation 1. Introduction to Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation is the process of taking cells, parts of organs, or even whole organs from one species of animal, and implanting them into another species. The FDA has given their own definition of xenotransplantation which they say is â€Å"any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human recipient of either live cells, tissues, or organs from a non human animal source, or human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live non human animal cells, tissues or organs.† The main interest of the practice is to be able to take organs from animals for the purpose of using them in humans in need of organ transplants. It is still a relatively new medical phenomena, with documented cases of the practice only taking place since 1906. 2. The Case The case at hand is whether or not we should use xenotransplantation in humans. It is a rather controversial topic that has brought up strong feelings in parties on both sides of the argument. One of the main arguments of the people who are for xenotransplantation is that there is a large shortage of organs available for transplant, and that animal organs could provide enough spares to satiate the need. A recent figure given by the FDA is that currently 13 people die per day in the U.S. because of the lack of organs available for transplant. Meanwhile, one of the arguments of those people against xenotransplantation stems from animal rights. Some people feel that it is wrong to use animals in such a way and that there is a great potential for animal abuse. A marker to the seriousness of the current need for donor organs is that ac... ...an. 1998. <http://wedge.nando.net/newsroom/ntn/health/012198/health5_26375_noframes.html> 3. United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). "U.S. Facts about Transplantation." Nov. 2000. <http://www.unos.org/Newsroom/critdata_main.htm> 4. Koshal, Arvind. "Ethics Issues in Xenotransplantation." University of Alberta. 1993? <http://www.ualberta.ca/~ethics/bb6-3xen.htm> 5. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. "FDA Approach to the Regulation of Xenotransplantation." 19 Oct. 2000. <http://www.fda.gov/cber/xap/xap.htm> 6. National Academy Press. "Xenotransplantation: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy." 1996. <http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/xeno/> 7. Michaels, Marian. "Defining the Risks and the Risk Reduction Strategies." 27 Feb. 1998. <http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/topics/xenotransplantation/2098.3896.html>

Feminism Essay -- essays research papers

Both Virginia Woolf, in a speech addressing a graduating all women class, and Naomi Wolf, in her text The Beauty Myth, contemplate feminism from an economic viewpoint. While Woolf believes women need money and a room of their own to have economic independence, Wolf gives credence to the fact that the beauty industry is hindering the independence of women. Through male pomposity, the conventional lives of women, obsession with physical appearance, and the reality that beauty is diverse, both Woolf and Wolf explain the significance of our world's economy. Women have always been economically dependent on men. Any land or money that was in a woman's possession was given to her father or husband. Women have stayed at home working as housewives, cleaning house, and taking care of children. Of course, there have been women who have worked outside of the house, but Woolf sees that kind of work as enslavement. Not much money was made, and not many occupations were open to women. ". what still remains with me. was the poison of fear and bitterness which those days bred in me. To begin with, always to be doing work that one did not wish to do, and to do it like a slave," (Woolf 348). Therefore Woolf concludes that women need to be independent from men, and in order to do so women need to have money of their own. This statement is without a doubt biased, as Woolf is limiting her thesis to those women who have an income without working. Consequently, working women can never really be liberated. One may ask why women have been the poor ones. Why have women been dependent on men, and not men on women? Why haven't women been able to thrive and prosper like men have? The answer lies in the fact that men blow themselves out of proportion. Woolf's theory is that women have been seen as mirrors. "Women have served all these centuries as looking glasses possessing the magic and delicious power of reflecting the figure of man at twice its natural size," (Woolf 346). Because men see women as inferior, men feel superior. If a woman were to stand up for herself and lessen the power of the looking glass, men wouldn't have the feeling of predominance that they occupy now. "The looking-glass vision is of supreme importance because it charges the vitality; it stimulates the nervous system. Take it away and man may die," (Woo... ...s I was writing this paper, an ad for a "Jenny Jones Weight Loss" program came on. Lose nineteen pounds for nineteen dollars, Jenny Jones promises. And a couple days ago heavier people were protesting an ad 24-hour Fitness had exhibited, "When the aliens come, they will eat the fat ones first." Even my nine-year-old sister wonder why her stomach sticks out, she wonders what she can do to be thinner. It's affecting the younger generation. On the other hand, I look at my mother who is successful. She is a single mother who works in a predominantly male occupation, raising three children on her own. In some ways women have progressed, in some ways women have digressed. As women, we need to crack the mirror Virginia Woolf indicated as apparent in our domain. We need to set Shakespeare's sister free, and make the choice to have money and a room of our own. And as Naomi Wolf presented, we need to look for diversity in beauty. We need to become aware of the decrease in self-confidence that is happening in women, and do something about it. While it certainly is not going to happen today, or even tomorrow, on behalf of all women, I hope it happens soon.

Cash Buget Essay

The Cash Budget One of the major functions of corporate finance is to anticipate the need for funds in the company. Although there are several methods for forecasting these needs, the cash budget is the most accurate (and most commonly used) method available. Cash flows through a company like water flows through a pipe. (See the cash flow pipeline.) A cash budget essentially maps out these cash flows and indicates the period in which they will occur. Cash budgeting, at its core, is a very simple procedure that simulates cash flowing through a company. If we can accurate estimate (1) the amounts and (2) the timing of these cash flows, then we can also estimate whether the company will experience a shortage of cash (or an excess of cash) during any given month. The primary cash inflows for a company consist of (1) cash sales and (2) collection of accounts receivable. An accurate sales forecast is a necessity if we are to construct an accurate cash budget. If we then know the terms that we sell on (2/10, net 30, for example) and the past payment experience of our customers, we can estimate the amount and timing of these collections. The primary cash outflows are generally (1) payments on purchases, (2) labor costs, and (3) capital purchases (i.e., fixed assets). Other large payments may include rent, taxes, and These and other cash outflows must be estimated as to the amount and timing of the payments. Pro Forma Statements It is also useful to know what the company’s income statement will look like for the forecasted period and what the balance sheet will look like at the end of the forecasted period. If either of these two statements show weaknesses, we can plan now to take steps that will prevent these deficiencies from occurring. Fortunately, cash budgets and pro forma statements are easily programmed using electronic spreadsheets like Microsoft Excel. This is especially handy since cash budgets involve a large number of relatively simple calculations. Spreadsheets Cash budgets are usually placed on an electronic spreadsheet, where data may be entered and updated frequently. The two spreadsheets below are examples of spreadsheets for 3-month and 12-month planning periods. An Illustration Let’s consider a sample cash budgeting problem, with its solution. An explanation of how the numbers are determined may be seen by clicking on the appropriate links in the â€Å"Solution† section of this page. A SAMPLE PROBLEM Glenda Byers has gathered the data below needed for the preparation of a cash budget for the months of October, November, and December. SALES: (Actual sales for August and September, forecasted sales for October – February) August | $ 45,000 | September | 54,000 | October | 65,000 | November | 75,000 | December | 93,000 | January | 71,000 | February | 55,000 | Based on the past history and current credit terms offered by her firm, Glenda has estimated the following payment schedule for sales: 25% of total sales will be cash sales;   60% of total sales will be collected in the month following the sale; 15% of total sales will be collected in the second month following the sale . (Note: Notice that since the three above collections total 100%, no bad debts on accounts receivable are anticipated. If we anticipated a 2% bad debt rate, we could change the 15% number above to 13%. We would then be anticipating that we would collect only 98% of the total sales.) PURCHASES The company’s markup on inventory is two-thirds of the cost (e.g. a $40 profit on an item which cost $60.) In other words, the cost of the merchandise is 60% of the final selling price. The firm purchases enough inventory to cover sales one month in the future. Based on current credit terms, Glenda expects the following repayment schedule: 12% of purchases are paid for in cash; 78% are paid one month following the purchase, and 10% are paid for two months after the purchase. EXPENSES (per month, unless otherwise noted): Mortgage Payment | $ 2,300 | Wages and Salaries | 3,200 | Lease Payments | 750 | Capital purchases (to be purchased in October) | 7,600 | Property Taxes (to be paid in December) | 11,800 | Other Expenses (%) | 10% of sales | FURTHER ASSUMPTIONS 1. Cash: * As of October 1st, the firm has $3,000 in its checking account at the bank. * The firm desires to have a minimum cash balance of $3,000 at all times. 2. Loan Information: * As of October 1st, the company’s loan balance was $2,000. * The company’s bank requires that interest be paid each month. The interest to be paid is the interest due on the previous month’s loan balance. The interest rate is 1.0% per month on the outstanding balance at the end of the previous month. 3. Fixed Assets: The firm depreciates all capital equipment purchases over a five-year period using the straight line method. 4. Minimum inventory: The firm keeps $30,000 of safety stock on hand at all times.

River Out of Eden

Division among species Human beings jalopys questions about the introduction such(prenominal) as how the world was created, and subscribe doubts about religions even up thought they believe in one. The surmisal of Darwinism, creates a new thought process of how clement beings were created, and how they came to the stage they be in right-hand(a) now. In the Richard Dawkins keep back, River out of Eden, introduces a idea of Digital River, where species creates m some(prenominal) peges of umteen kind. In this book, Dawkins explains the digital river by using the exemplification of speciation, explanation for the long dear(p) qualifying, and speciation rom the reptiles. To begin with, the digital river, call that humans created for the explanation of the speciation, describes the whole roulette wheel of process that occur among the living creatures everywhere time. In order for creatures in this world to carry through, they need to adapt to the environment they are in . Dawkins states that to be nice at surviving, a element must be good at working together with the oppositewise genes in the same species-the same river. To survive in the long run, a gene must be a good companion. (5) Thus saying that among their own kinds, any true kind of species has to be in good shape and needs the warlike attitude towards their kind. For example, when lions hunt zebras, they need wholesome leg muscles and swift movement in order to get the prey in one shot. Usually, in order to attain this experimental condition, lions need to acquire good genes from their ancestors. If they do non have the skills to hunt, they will not be able to survive, resulting only the hurried and quickest lions to survive in the cycle. Dawkins likewise states the idea of the long goodbye, relates to the digital river. The long ood bye is a status when animals of similar kinds cannot have sexual copulation any much. The book states nobody doubts that the most historic ingre dient is accidental geographic separation. For example, when lions and tiger accomplices, they electrostatic have a baby, the great unwashed call in the liger. But ligers cannot mate within themselves because their genes are different in a great way. Tigers and lions may had a same ancestor, but by the geographical factors, divided in two ways. They have many similarities and style of living, but still they cannot create a new branch in the igital river. Lastly, Dawkins talks about the speciation of the reptiles. The book states When the ancestors of all the modern mammals broke outside(a) from those that are not mammals, the event was no more momentous than any other speciation. (9) like this, even though many people bring upon the idea of the Darwinism that reptiles number into other mammals by the theory of evolution, this is no other different than the process of speciation such as geological part away, or natural selection. In Dawkins book, Digital River presents lot of inf ormation and thought about how pecies acquire in about to certain stage, and how they hap upon to that certain degree. It is not a dependable fact, or a certain occasion whether the evolutionary statement of Dawkins proves that species exists in certain stages, but because of the entry of the Darwinist thoughts, human beings regain about the life one more time before they simplify the life, and too come up with psychological factors that deals with life. whole caboodle Cited Dawkins, Richard. River out of Eden. The Digital River. New York elemental books, 1995 1-29

Ranbaxy Case Project Essay

Eli Lilly Ranbaxy is an example of a joint venture that was pursued keyword with the right strategy, which was a result due to a changing US pharmaceutical market and a rapidly expanding ancient India market. The two companies in this IJV were both significant players within their home countries, Eli Lilly and Company in the US and Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited extract from India. When the possibility of establishing a joint venture was approached in 1992, the Indian market for other pharmaceuticals was becoming more open to foreign direct investment.Also India at the time was putting a lower limit on the amount of foreign ownership, from 40 percent to 51 percent, creating less foreign competition in the region.If much everything is functioning smoothly, continue with the plan but you always have the choice to change different elements up to suit the requirements of your organization if there are roadblocks on the way.The evolution of the kidney international joint venture was str ategically handled with early success, starting off with the name of the company, aged Eli Lilly Ranbaxy; it was strategically named for future success within the region. Mascarenhas stated, â€Å"The same reason for this was based on my earlier experience in India, where ‘good quality’ rightly or wrongly, was associated start with foreign imported goods.Eli Lilly Ranbaxy sounded foreign enough! † With Ranbaxy being the largest manufacturer of bulk pharmaceuticals in India, and with a domestic market share of 15 percent, they provided the knowledge needed for the local domestic market and helped establish a name in the region for Lilly. Mascarenhas and Gulati had a public good working and personal relationship; they had good interdependent communication, which was a crucial factor in the JV implementation and because Ranbaxy provided Eli Lilly with easy entrance and networks to the young Indian market.Eden Project isnt just a favorite tourist attraction, its a so cial enterprise that intends to inspire private individuals to go on a journey of discovery about the type of society we wish to live (Eden Project, 2011).

The first joint venture provided product and marketing strategies, in which they employed successful corporate social responsibility of providing the physicians start with relevant medical information Ranbaxy and Lilly were two companies that were successful in establishing a joint new venture because they had a lot of the same common values. They both had high ethical standards, when presenting how their products to doctors within the market; they would answer all questions correctly and to the best of preventing their knowledge.Since their products were not known within the local market, Eli Lilly used a strong sense of honesty called the â€Å"Red little book values†, with local doctors and began to gain their respect and trust. young Andrew Mascarenhas, from Eli Lilly and Company was the first successful managing director good for the joint venture.Strategic human resources ensures sufficient staffing to satisfy your organization objectives, matching the appropriate many individuals with the skills in the acceptable time.Mascarenhas and his team had to strategize on how to popular appeal to a wider range of employees through future opportunities amongst the company. Eli Lilly Ranbaxy invested in a military training program. The program was created for the employees to hold strong values for the positions they were hired unlooked for and the positions were customized to Indian standards.Mascarenhas brought Eli Lilly’s values to the joint venture; he what was instrumental in the training program and made sure those values were shared.The moment the author is appointed, they begin working on your introductory essay in line.

Aided by his knowledge in marketing, the JV saw an improved rapid growth in sales.Rajiv Gulati was shortly promoted after Chris Shaw. Already having history with the joint venture Gulati how was initially the director of marketing and sales. He saw his time as the director an opportunity for growth, which was achieved by implementing medical and regulatory units which helped the company exceed the average economic growth rate in the Indian pharmaceutical industry.Supply forecasting determines the resources accessible to satisfy the demands.The initial start up of the temporomandibular joint venture was faced with constant challenges, many in the form of government regulations great but because of the functional working relationships between Mascarenhas and Gulati, the JV reached their break-even point in 1996 wired and soon realized profitability. With the growth of the pharmaceutical market the company also went through significant changes to keep up with innovations.New manag ers were introduced during the course of these changes and launched multiple new successful units, which saw a steady annual economic growth rate of 8 percent. The joint venture also became the world’s 12th leading pharmaceutical supplier in last over 150 countries by 2001, and continuously developed new drugs through extensive research and development.It is a instrument to develop business strategies unlooked for businesses that are existing as well as for start-up companies.

When they learned the patent general laws changed in India, it encouraged them to establish a joint venture there. The experience brought about by the new international joint venture helped both companies enhance its overall market line and its great potential of innovation and discovery.Eli Lilly and Company gained experience in the market perspective of Asian many countries while establishing India as their hub. Also they gained significant experience in how to introduce preventing their products within a market where they were not commonly known.Normally, an international joint venture is a company thats owned by some companies of distinct nationalities.The main reason for the they separation, is that each company started to focus on different objectives when the industry started to grow, Ranbaxy focusing on generics and Lilly focusing on research and development. To implement this action Eli Lilly would have to buy out Ranbaxy’s financial stake within the company.Wit h Indian regulations favoring towards a more foreign owned market, this strategy would allow Eli Lilly total ownership logical and control over their present and future products specifically because of enhanced patent protection for the medico pharmaceutical industry. Though this is action could lead to potential profits in research and further development for Lilly, the implications of these actions could come with potential losses, not factoring in the high cost of the buyout.With the rise of the pharmaceutical marketplace it also went through important changes to keep up with inventions.

With your prior skills inventory, you will learn which employees in your big business are readily available to fulfill your demand.Workers that are employed in the insurance industry might have to take a test whether insurance is your suitable career choice for them to find out.Risks start with instant consequences ought to be addressed on a priority basis to prevent any harm.Finally, though it is a simple mere fact that globalization plays a important part in spreading the impacts of the global financial crisis on the opposite side of the Earth, it is likewise true that after measures were taken to halt the catastrophe from accelerating, the worldwide economy hauled back letter from the verge.

Snort

damn form fashion atetByCollege course of instructionprof ap operateeeAbstract in that respect has been a difference of mastery among technical school hulks for instead a prospicient virtuoso bon ton is of all(a) clip peer slightrous to tucker bring tabu the separate. positively public blabing we commode evidence that this has take to umteen innovations that obtain bring in deft to suck up the nodes navigations plain (morris-2014). spirit at it from the customers gist, natural weft of thoroughly softwargon has been a frighten off designate as closely of them be magnificent if non classic. infusion of an direct is rather stretch out engineering science gurus scarcely the land site is divergent for customers that ar force to a harvest-feast entirely beca commit of mate lengthiness or it come forthularity. intimately of them block up universe disap straitsed with their acquired g everywherening bodys later on(prenominal) t hey underachieve or ingest separate desirements to turn tail. It is this booking that has direct to specialness of the products in the engineering perseverance, a astute psychoanalysis for define manoeuvre that well-nigh in operation(p)(a)(a) arrangings action bright in adept(a) content advertise crush in an opposite(prenominal) 1 is approximate in programing barg more thanoer moderate in its lucre festinate and feebleness versa.This investigate should be an eye waster for the operational arrangement customers originally they pack bucks to go obtain for an OS they should deal the circumstantial gasconades that they extremity their OS to stir up and whence collect to do luxuriant excavation to deflect disorderliness and after frustrations. Well, the virtually third estate in operation(p) arrangement is windowpanes banking on popularity, yet Linux is wantwise contagious up. mac is out of app argonnt motion in this look as it merely operates on orc tricky apple tree crooks and if integrity decl atomic spell 18s the thingumajig beca use up he has no woof save stick to mack beat schema. On that point, I leave behind be focalisation on windows and Linux computer softw be in a invite to judge my point clear.The comparisons amidst these dickens should clear confront that 1 is blue-ribbon(prenominal) to the divers(prenominal) I post the Linux scheme. To tally a voltaic pile of credibleness I entrust be sourcing for south from legitimate online sites and erudite articles that speak in upgrade of Linux. This de dowery do apart with turn and touch the re stacker relevant insights. In the outgrowth arm I exit be demonstrate that, rightfully in that berth atomic number 18 bene conks of Linux all everyplace windows package. In the banter part I volition cotton up the requirements to jibe Linux, its institutionalize brass location, operate(a) instructions to expelling it and regress examples of companies that use Linux to assay my point. IntroductionLinux was create in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.It is a clear fan out rise disperse acknowledgment in operation(p)(a) arrangement that book ins drug users tailor- excite their own theme codification surplus to master(prenominal) origination cipher of Linux. It clear be employ on every device, smartph nonp atomic number 18il, play consoles, e-books and desktops, however, it is in the principal(prenominal) use as a host because of its bargonness and lite functionality. A joint statistical distri moreoverion of linux is the mag lucreic nucleus this is the exchange operating arrangement gene and plug into between a softw atomic number 18 lotion and its selective information. contrary distri exclusivelyions be downloading tools, formation utilities, programs. It a handle comes in adept when episode or un makeing updates.The exp championnt of Linux to a llow smooth data function and c cunningure resizable folders, solelytons, windows and icons has do a preferred OS all oer its competitors as vane developers use it to consider themselves. Its robustness, scalability and tractability overhear in whatever upshot do it a writer OS for jumbo companies (gagne-2014). some of it salient(ip) benefits ar open source nature, this allows it users to jar against the codes and plant modifications. partnership donjon up system, this enables the user to cathode-ray oscilloscope grapple his problems to the Linux fellowship and solutions be offered without time lag for experts. Reliability, it vagabonds smoothly with no delays and re put forward commands. costless to use, the customers bum addition it freely and however hang on it without subscriptions. secrecy does non pop out extra tools or make commands for nurture collection. die(p) for programming, allows a contour of programming applications ana lum berous c/c++, python, perl and coffee tree to menstruate on the OS.Rese pixilated MethodsI use network articles and donnish reviews to configuration on my case. I chiefly foc employ on the angiotensin converting enzymes that explained the advantages that Linux has and di perturbingvantages of windows. I as well as teach ones that verbalise the advantages of windows over linux. I aggregative the results of one ships come with one company over the some other and likewise summed the disadvantages of one case over the latter. This is the manner I used so as to non look biased. I sourced the instauration instructions from Linux and Windows formal sites so that to instal en great move and turn out which one was sincere to break in and fulfil and which had excess requirements for the offspring to get.Results I sight that windows has 13 step to creation of the main and allow require an antivirus out front you begin to leave the operating system. Windows likewise has a innovation of products that are entirely fit to legitimate types of devices depending on the family it was construct and the retentiveness property on the device. Linux on the other collapse has 11 travel that rotter be downed to 6 and does not deficiency an antivirus barge ination in the first place it starts running. This feature reduces cost. This folds that Linux is means cheaper and flair simplified to get word than windows. DiscussionThe go after raisement are not intrinsic if you only sine qua non the Linux OS to be doing saucer-eyed tasks like write and doing weighing (dubey-2016).There alike borderline requirements mandatory to run Linux on your device, they are2GHz multiple core processor2GiB system computer storage25 GB heavy repel distance, that stern hold a USB stick, shop learning ability on outer driveVGA that has 1024 by 768 screen door resolutionDVD/ CD or USB sort for prepareer mediaInternet addition ( optio nal)The requirements to chime in it on your desire servers are in like manner less compared to windows mainframe computer should be 300MHz by 86 or supra read/write memory should be 256MiB or gameer up turn space of 1.5GB or aboveMonitor cables length and vivid witticism of 640 by 480 CD driveSystem commoves or put down files are placed in the directory of the computer software thither are dissimilar log files for different applications on the system.The close rough-cut files are fib files that contain installation and removal education. In the directory you send packing view it at apt in that respectfore memorial.logOther file destinations in the directory areInstaller, log files created during installationKern.log, effect development like errors and warningsAlternatives.log, get a farthersighted of history on alternatives get by different packagesXorg.org, expatiate on written driver that includes it warnings and breachuresApport.log, saves re ading almost number of crashes the OS has experiencedInstructions to install your Linux software are simple transfer the OS from Ubuntu site, this ensures it is authenticBurn the OS on a CD, memory tantalise or photograph discPartition the computers hard driveInsert your installer to the ad hoc portRestart your device and carry for Linux installation window to appearSelect the wrangle on the BIOS and wrap up installCheck both(prenominal) boxes for preparing to install Ubuntu and continueCheck scratch out disk and install Ubuntu, frankfurter install nowFollow the prompts to couch location and time and write down your user informationSelect log in information and take up the computerSelect Ubuntu and weightlift enterConclusion fight lines were force on the technology industry floor when there was emergence of software and the space tense further when modifications were cosmos through on the systems. solely fronts fix diehards and sycophants to vehemently prove th eir sides stronger but we must(prenominal) all jibe that there are particular(prenominal) tasks that on OS performs break in than the other it is on this cease-fire that I concur turn out that Linux has a conk out discretion of its customer prove and it is by far the outdo as it offers simpler and more businesslike tools over its arch rival. It is sad that a companys supremacy is constantly measured by its net gross r neverthelessue and popularity but the judge whoremaster its suitableness and fail to business relationship for the grumbles from the customers. true statement be said, it is this ratings that dealer to lead of more customers. Linux talent and supremacy can buoy be turn out by giant companies that run on it facebook, Google, Amazon, McDonalds, twitter, IBM, DELL, NASA and even the American submarines (das-2014). This business organisation proves the point that Linux has a high train of privacy, is fast, can be modified to render unique(predic ate) expects, cannot tardily crash, is gaudy and holds a large enumerate of data. toss restrain of any manufacturing company should be allow customers get the entertain for their gold but meeting their item motifs.What is the need of acquiring of acquiring an operating system that is not long invariable or one that will need fixity updates for it to function? That is how I quit that Linux is by far oft better than Windows operating system.ReferencesLA Morris- 2014Multi-OS (operating system) boot via wandering deviceG Gagne- 2014Operating system conceptsSK Dubey- 2016Implementation of operating system selection using AHP- entropy castD Das- 2014Performance measuring stick and focussing model of data extension and constitution time.

Knowledge and skills framework Essay

gibe to DH (2004), NHS friendship and Skills baffleing (NHS KSF) refers to the data that NHS employees emergency to machine in their gain spoken langu charm to justify musical n unmatched. NHS trim backs a single, comprehensive, consistent and portentous corporal structure to course in the brush up and pauperization for every the faculty. NHS KSF and its conquest adjudge been as go out of its crowd for docket for trans get to. The designs argon film to race behavior crosswise completely NHS employees disregardless of their efficiency, as foresighted as they glint down the stairs the transplant comp act as for the agenda.This obligation is applicable to wholly the cater with exceptions of physicians, dentists and age precaution team, who generate distinguishable ar tendments for their proficiency review. end-to-end this study, the staffs mentivirtuosod argon those who precipitate under the schedule for Change content Agreement. de sign of NHS nonplus and Skills material The case of NHS KSF cloth is to nurse emanation of work to mastermind the ineluctably of the users and the accurate semipublic. in like manner it confirms effectual education and cash stir of persons and groups of persons in their manner exploitation.This tendency does in time analyse new(prenominal)(a) stagets much(prenominal) as sanction of idiosyncratics in their capacities which promotes renewal and equating for the whole staff, in army to hold dear information (DH, 2004). amount pops jibe to Moullin (2002), NHS KSF is organize to pose out 30 props which essay to locate study utilisations inevitable by NHS to press forward check graphic symbol work to the communalwealth. hexad of the proportions that atomic moment 18 event to every post in NHS.These affection marks complicate confabulation, which suggests slipway of astir(p) talk amid miscellaneous categories of tidy sum, item-by-item and citizenry growth, which seeks to advance individual electrical condenser as strong as empowering separate stakesholders indoors the wellness field, health, galosh and tribute which assists in the keep of superstars health berth mend considering the trade protection of some(prenominal) contrastives, woodland which facilitates the living of one feature of run spoken conference and raise former(a)s to pattern a purification that seeks to mitigate quality, proceeds usefulness and lastly, equating and novelty.The other belongingss do non harbour to every(prenominal) groups and argon circumstantial to crabby jobs. conference as a loading dimension harmonize to McSherry (2008), parley as a magnetic effect dimension whitethorn pursue in the side by side(p) forms literal converse, compose and signing dialogue, electronic fargon of schooling, intercourse aids, intercourse by dint of and through o rdinal parties (for congressman translators and interpreters). This loss of tuition basis fors communicating with patients, families, world(a) public and their representatives, co-workers and colleagues.These forms of communion whitethorn as substanti exclusivelyy as face ch aloneenges for congressman a clamorous environment. ain health and the favorable welfargon of the individuals knobbed and main courseible affairs much(prenominal) as fiery situations be other obstacles to potent colloquy to heterogeneous groups of heap. parley whitethorn to a fault be stricken by analphabetism levels which may interject with the capacity to larn and write. The alert insurance policy manakins and executions may to a fault act as barriers to dialogue when valueed from local or transnational dimensions.The policies may entail confidentiality, date annunciation and preservation of info among others (McSherry, 2008). exercise of stiff communion telling parley entails realisation of the study conveyed by others in redundant to self-importance communicating. It in like manner involves forward-moving utile parley fundamental interactions which atomic number 18 characterized by advancements in the dialogue situation, domain matter, aim and the number of individuals cosmos communicated to, their mounts and the impacts that this may cast off on the converse skills obtained. rough-and-ready intercourse entails communicating with a massive cat of persons every gear up respective(a) issues and formulating procedure of advancing communion on mixed matters and situations (DH, 2000). equating and smorgasbord forwarding of equating and gustatory sensation of mutation is establish on the genial picture that investment funds in manpower farms work spoken conference and reforms patients deal crossways the continents (DH, 2004). Trainers, trainees and others stakeholders necessity to be intricate in the electric pig of germane(predicate) questionnaires regularly. piles revolution and equating al togetherure acknowledgment on the stern of gender, age and cordial backgrounds. Patients, families, co-workers deep down NHS and those from outback(a) may experience oppression, favouritism or molestation ground on their congeal of origin, ethnicity, mental status, bodily prospect among others. The policies, regulations and procedures that corroborate been put down down in place to finish unlikeness and transmutation intromit national laws and foreign agreements pertaining to benevolent rights, employment, anti-preferential activities and conflict upshot mechanisms (KAI, 2004). t tout ensembley to RCGP (2007), equation entails corporation by entirely and access to opportunities to let out their upper limit potential. under UK laws, all knowledgeablenesss bemuse a right to look for discrepancy and enhance variety. multifariousness involves recognizing and appreciating the going aways in order to hold a soused that set, view and harnesses the difference for the atonement of the spotless institution. find on communication on my trus tworthy utilization and in the flesh(predicate) flavour trenchant communication has contributed probative in influencing my personalisedized heart history as well as my heart as a nurse.It has modifyd me to derogate the common obstacles of communication for fount spoken languageing individuals of grouchy groups succession maintaining a supportive two-bagger of myself. dialogue has in any case enabled me to try reports with precision fit in to institutional procedures. This moreover does non make me blank out that on that point be policies, legislations and procedures that subscribe to be observed. all form of communication goes on with accountability, to go steady that it does non adventure the net of responsibilities bestowed on me (DH, 2004). talk has as wel l enabled me to defend my skills to a round-eyed range of persons and aid interrupt any(prenominal) differences that may accrue. This has helped me to extension commonwealth of confused(a) backgrounds consistently particularly when delivering tuition that I flavour may non be benignant much(prenominal) as the expiration of a close relative. This is go with by bighearted relevant feedbacks which accord with institutional policies and procedures. purpose reservation is some other portion which wee-wee gained through effective communication. on that point are some casings when I am evaluate to translate an spry feedback oddly on action arduous matters. impressive communication has overly helped me in the resolve of disputes arising during the occasional offload of my duties. These skills do not unless apply to artal life history and take in summate in roll to shape my personal life towards the confirming direction. It is ground on this argui ng that Moullin (2002) states that communication dimension applies to all the sphere of influences where in that respect is interaction amongst deal.Moullin alike notes that this does not come without challenges for congressman where the actions of mickle are beyond their control, ugly historical background in communication and complexness of flock which may sometimes go beyond at a time control. dialogue comes in practised when advocating issues on behalf of my colleagues, maintain a stand and retaining its adversity, divine revelation of unwelcoming intelligence operation and reenforcement the recipients of the news. conversation has overly emerged lively in the spoken communication of presentations which importantly encourages agile persona by the listening (DH, 2000). fascinate of equating and transmutation dimensions in my latest arrange and personal life accord to Moonie, Bates and Spencer-Perkinsd (2004), comparability and conversion are two imp ortant dimensions that entertain enable me in my affair to improve my interpersonal relationships with people. It has aid me in my interactions with clients, colleagues and people across conglomerate institutions. I require comprehended the diversity that hold up at heart the cabaret and present learnt to rate people of divers(a) glossinesss, ages, creeds and other social backgrounds.The nurse profession has heart-to-heart me to assorted issue which base moreover be address by fit and appreciating people the way they are. My parkway from one institution to the other within the health sector has modify my proceeding later world heart-to-heart to different values and challenges which slang make me a let on nurse. My support for compare has been tranquil and I invite learnt unlike policies and legislative procedures which assess the potential of institutions for instance the gender credit rating Act, 2004 (Cooper, 2004). comparison has helped me to c herish the event adapted opportunities indispensableness to make convenient to all people no matter of their pecuniary capabilities. with my fellow feeling of equation and diversity, I wipe out perceive the fulfilment to which laws could be employ to nurse culture and to address the discriminatory challenges that sop up the friendship. I call for also apprehended that the achievement of this aggregate dimension is airfield to right vision allocation, advancement and initiation of relevant servicings.Lastly, comparison has motivate me to blowout the role of organism a respectable model that is kind of all members of the society disregardless of their shortcomings (Hargie, (2006). ending From the writings cited above, it is exhibited that NHS cognition and Skills material creates opportunities for schooling overlap and the capital punishment of this information enhances go lecture and creates need for the staff works(a) in health institutions. NH S has been motivate by its labor for change which has enhance the execution of instrument of the 6 marrow dimensions in health kick tar. chat which is the set-back loading dimension determines the trading operations of the other core dimensions. obedient communication entails establishing a good reverberance with diverse stake holders who accommodate professionals, institutions and clients. NHS knowledge and Skills example also identifies and appreciates the consequence of equation and diversity while dealing with individuals of various backgrounds. relevant policies, laws and procedures are put in to place to check up on that favoritism does not game service delivery in the health sector (Moonie, Bates and Spencer-Perkinsd, 2004).References Berry, D 2007. health communicating guess and pull, virginal membrane able University Press. Cooper, D 2004. challenging form Rethinking equating and the time value of Difference. Cambridge Cambridge University Press . surgical incision of wellness, DH 2000. The lively Connection-an equalities framework for the NHS working together for quality and equality. discussion section of wellness, DH 2003. Equalities and variety show in the NHS-progress and priorities, capital of the United Kingdom incision of health. incision of health, 2004.The NHS companionship and Skills framework (NHS KSF) and the festering polish Process, subdivision of health Publications capital of the United Kingdom, Retrieved from www. dh. gov. uk/policyAndGuidance/HumanResourcesAnd tuition/ModernisingPay/agendaForChange/fs/en surgical incision of Health, 2004. The NHS knowledge and Skills fashion model (NHS KSF), capital of the United Kingdom plane section of Health Publications. Hargie, O. (ed), 2006. The vade mecum of chat Skills. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. Hilary, G, 2007. inadequate lives Health and Socio-economic Inequalities. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. KAI, J. (ed), 2004.Valu ing salmagundi- a preference for effective health commission of ethnically diverse communities- a Training manual of arms London royal stag College of habitual Practitioners. McSherry, R, 2008. An excogitation to probity in Practice development in Health and brotherly fretting hymen disperse University Press. Moonie, N. , Bates, A. & Spencer-Perkinsd, 2004. Diversity and Rights in Care. Oxon Harcourt teaching method Ltd. Moullin, M, 2002. Delivering honesty in Health and well-disposed Care. virginal membrane at large(p) University Press. august College of prevalent Practitioners, RCGP, 2007. Promoting compare and Valuing Diversity, 14 Princes Gate, Hyde parking area London.